These efforts include engineering proto-organelles based on natural endosymbionts 3– 6, oligolamellar vesicles 7, 8, and lipid sponge droplets 9.

To achieve this goal, there have been numerous efforts to build organelle-like compartments within synthetic cells to increase the complexity of synthetic cells and to better model and understand intracellular environments in natural cells. The self-assembly of and spatiotemporal organization provided by intracellular compartments facilitates simultaneous and concatenate cell-processes that are unattainable in simpler organisms 1.Ī key goal in bottom-up synthetic biology is to build artificial cells that mimic the functions and organization of living cells to create complex programmable bioreactors for foundational research and many practical applications 2. This complexity can be attributed to the existence of the nucleus, as well as other compartments and organelles. On average, eukaryotic cells are larger and functionally more complex than prokaryotic cells. The appearance of discrete intracellular compartments was critical for the evolution of eukaryotes.

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